A kidney stone is a hard, pebble-like deposit that forms in 1 or both kidneys. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Some are as big as golf balls. A stone may be smooth, irregular in shape, or jagged. Most are yellow or brown in color. There are different types of kidney stones.

Detailed information on the most common urogenital disorders, including analgesic nephropathy, bladder cancer, cystocele (fallen bladder), end stage renal disease, glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, goodpasture syndrome, hematuria (blood in the urine

Detailed information on chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema

Detailed information on the different types of polycystic kidney disease.

As part of your diagnosis, you and your doctor may discuss surgery as a way to correct your condition.

Many surgeons order routine lab tests before surgery. These tests help find possible problems that might complicate surgery if not found and treated early.

Learn about other surgical methods, like laser surgery and electrosurgery, that surgeons sometimes use.

The surgical team is made up many providers. These include a surgeon, an anesthesiologist, a certified registered nurse anesthetist, and an operating room nurse. Read on to learn more.

Detailed information on surgery, including surgery statistics, surgery questions, preoperative management, intraoperative management, and postoperative management

Detailed information on the surgical setting and the choices that may be available to the patient, including outpatient surgery, inpatient surgery, ambulatory surgery, and specialty surgery centers